Black Hat USA 2024: SOC within the NOC

One of many new integrations this yr was with a utility written by one among our SOC crew members. Each safety skilled — particularly SOC analysts and responders — have a collection of “fast lookup” fashion instruments that they use to reply numerous questions on artifacts in an investigation. Shodan is a good instance; “given an IP handle, what companies is that IP offering, and what software program are they utilizing to supply it?”. Paste the IP into Shodan, and you’ll probably get your reply. With the Shodan integration in XDR, you don’t even have to repeat and paste — simply click on the IP after which within the drop down menu, click on the Shodan hyperlink. However there are lots of of such instruments…

Ben took one of many integration server templates that Cisco Safety revealed on Github and modified it to our wants. He then hosted it on his cloud supplier of selection, added it to our XDR configuration and will add these easy pivots to XDR on the fly. A easy edit of a textual content file on the server and we may soar from any observable to any new related reference web site that anybody had instructed.

Cisco XDR is constructed on the beliefs of an open integration framework, with revealed knowledge fashions, API specs and pattern code accessible to be modified or used as examples/tutorials (together with precise tutorials at DevNet). This dedication to extensibility permits for modifications such because the above with out requiring any motion from the XDR improvement or product groups, permitting prospects to tailor XDR to their distinctive wants.

For instance, an IP tried <AndroxGh0st> Scanning Site visitors towards the Registration Server, blocked by the Palo Alto Networks firewall.

Investigation of the IP confirmed: It was recognized malicious.

Additionally, the geo location is in RU and recognized affiliated domains. With this info, the NOC management authorised the shunning of the IP.

XDR: Asset visibility

By: Ben Greenbaum

Because the Black Hat community evolves, totally different distributors are given alternatives to deliver their merchandise into the toolbox. On account of this ongoing biking, we didn’t have entry to the depth of intelligence beforehand supplied by deployment of a Meraki wi-fi infrastructure. Nonetheless, as a result of functionality constructed into XDR Asset Insights to add a customized CSV file of belongings, we have been in a position to simply operationalize recognized community topography into investigative and response operations.

One of many distinctive challenges of the Black Hat surroundings is how totally different it’s from a “regular” buyer’s manufacturing community. We’ve a couple of hundred units whose safety is our main purpose, however tens of 1000’s of unmanaged (and sometimes hostile) units within the native community which we wish to defend from one another and defend the skin world from. This distinctive association very a lot drives house the worth that an EDR brings to an XDR resolution. With out good endpoint visibility, the problem is much better. The advantage of an open XDR strategy that isn’t an evolution of an present EDR providing is that it may be one among a number of EDRs, however “one” is preferable to none.

Malware Analytics

By: Ben Greenbaum

Cisco Malware Analytics (previously Menace Grid) was once more used because the backend file evaluation and malware detection engine. We supported our companions from CoreLight and Netwitness, with evaluation of recordsdata pulled from clear textual content (convention attendee) and choose encrypted periods (vital infrastructure).

As standard, the recordsdata present in clear textual content communications have been an excellent indicator of what sorts of data could be anticipated to be leaked by a crowd of safety professionals, and this yr the end result rated a stable “much less terrible.” Doubtlessly spicy content material included numerous PII (names, employers, positions, e-mail addresses, and many others.) from Black Hat receipts and some company e-mail attachments. 

And whereas Umbrella did alert us to some wandering infections phoning house, we are able to say that no less than no malware was transferred…within the clear.

By: Aditya Sankar

Cisco XDR features a built-in automation functionality referred to as XDR automation. When you have heard of Safety Orchestration Automation Response (SOAR), Cisco XDR has the total suite of SOAR options. That features the power to drag-and-drop prebuilt code blocks in a specific sequence to create a customized workflow, executing arbitrary API calls to function one-click response actions and creating guidelines to set off workflows based mostly off a schedule or another standards.

We’ve been utilizing XDR Automate at Black Hat for 3 years to enhance the Cisco companies to our joint buyer, Black Hat, and have carried out quite a lot of use instances. Nonetheless, this has sometimes required fairly a little bit of time to be taught APIs and create a very customized workflow. With the most recent XDR Automation Alternate, the Alternate web page is used to search out, view, set up and uninstall pre-written workflows which were launched or authorised by Cisco engineers and content material suppliers. Workflows authored by the neighborhood have handed a fundamental high quality examine and are supported by the Cisco DevNet Neighborhood on a best-effort foundation. The Exchanges helps allow collaboration between workflow creators and moreover reduces the time it takes for a consumer to expertise worth from XDR automation.

Shout out to Ivan Berlinson, who wrote a workflow to drag risk logs from the Palo Alto Networks API and create Incidents in Cisco XDR. Since Ivan was type sufficient to publish the workflow to the Alternate, it was extraordinarily straightforward to import the workflow and get it operational. Putting in a workflow from the alternate is actually like strolling by means of a configuration wizard. It features a description of what the workflow does, the required targets and variables, in addition to a contact particular person for help. Here’s what the workflow seems to be like within the Alternate simply earlier than set up.

This workflow requires Automation distant, on-premises digital machine deployed over ESXi to make sure correct connectivity to the Palo Alto Panorama equipment. Shoutout to Matt Vander Horst who helped with the vCenter required to deploy the Automation distant equipment. The Alternate prompts the consumer to supply values for the required variables and choose the suitable on-premises goal.

Then the workflow is put in and scheduled to run each quarter-hour by way of an automation rule.

This workflow makes use of the PAN-OS XML API to question for risk logs at this path <?sort=log&log-type=risk&nlogs=50>. This kicks off a search job. As soon as the search job is finished, the workflow retrieves the outcomes and begins parsing the risk logs. A Cisco Menace Intelligence Mannequin (CTIM) sighting is created for every particular person risk log and grouped collectively by inner host IP. Subsequent, a CTIM indicator with the outline of the risk log and a relationship to the corresponding sighting are each created. Lastly, an incident bundle is created with the sighting, relationship and indicator entities and posted to the XDR API. The workflow has logic inbuilt to examine for duplicate incidents and present indicators.

Here’s what one of many incidents that was created from this automation workflow seems to be like in Cisco XDR. This gave us as analysts within the SOC an ideal start line for an investigation.

These Palo Alto Community risk logs point out a listing traversal assault that goals to entry recordsdata and directories which might be saved outdoors the online root folder. PAN Firewall alerts on listing traversal and accessing </and many others/passwd> from supply IP 192.168.130.86 on basic attendee Wi-Fi to vacation spot IP <104[.]198.XXX.2XX>, which resolves to < yXXXXis[.]occasion>. This area is marked as suspicious by a number of risk intelligence sources and has a medium danger rating of 72 in Cisco Umbrella. The host then proceeded to obtain recordsdata from <file://var/run/secrets and techniques/> host with fundamental authentication within the HTTP POST header. This exercise was then correlated to related classroom exercise, however the host MAC handle was not seen in any lecture rooms.

The vacation spot IP exhibits unknown with XDR risk intelligence, however the area it resolves to appears to be suspicious and it’s hosted within the Russian Federation, as seen within the Umbrella console. Listed below are further particulars supplied by the Corelight crew in our lively Menace Looking Slack chanel: HTTP POST exercise to the vacation spot in query exhibits a fundamental authentication token that decodes to <admin:p034BHUSA43op> which does seem like it’s getting used for Black Hat coaching because it says BHUSA within the password. Nonetheless, this supply host’s MAC handle was not seen in any lecture rooms, solely on the overall Wi-Fi.

We did discover the host making related queries like <uri = /token$/ uri=/kubernetes/>, which have been seen within the Superior Infrastructure Hacking class, however it’s not sufficient to attribute this exercise to a category. Anyhow, this habits sometimes shouldn’t be seen on the overall Wi-Fi. On this state of affairs, we didn’t take any motion of blocking the vacation spot IP or forcing a captive portal for host IP for the reason that Black Hat community goals to watch for assault and abuse, however not block malicious site visitors.

Ivan Berlison additionally supplied one other workflow to provide an XDR Incident when a file is convicted in Cisco Safe Malware analytics. Corelight, in addition to NetWitness, carve recordsdata off the community and submit them to be detonated in Safe Malware Analytics. Here’s what the XDR incident seems to be like when a file with a risk rating above 90 is seen:

We had an exquisite time innovating and investigating at Black Hat USA 2024! The XDR automation alternate was an enormous support in including extra automation capabilities with very minimal customized work. Try AJ Shipley’s weblog on how utilizing Cisco XDR at Black Hat has accelerated our open ecosystem. We’ll be again once more subsequent yr, so lengthy Black Hat!

Splunk Assault Analyzer (SAA)

By: Ryan MacLennan

Splunk Assault Analyzer (SAA) is a brand new addition to our deployment. As chances are you’ll know, Cisco acquired Splunk this yr. Due to this new acquisition we labored with our counterparts in Splunk to get their SAA product provisioned for our use at Black Hat. SAA is a file and URL evaluation platform just like Safe Malware Analytics. SAA makes use of a complicated set of standards to find out which engine could be greatest suited to evaluation — like internet analyzer, static file evaluation, e-mail analyzer, signature engines and/or the sandbox. Whereas the product is able to dynamic and static evaluation, we selected to do solely static evaluation for our use at Black Hat.

What is actually highly effective concerning the evaluation of SAA is its assault chain following functionality: The power to intelligently decide how a human would click on on gadgets in a webpage. It would observe hyperlinks, obtain recordsdata and analyze further indicators from community connections, recognized malicious recordsdata, an unknown malicious file that’s analyzed on the fly, phishing domains and extra. It would observe a logical move like a human to find out the trail to compromise. This was fascinating to see in our surroundings because it confirmed the trail from a file, the hyperlinks present in it, to totally different web sites, and every step of the trail had a screenshot for us to observe alongside.

For instance, we’ve a PDF that was submitted to SAA. It discovered hyperlinks within the file and adopted them to see if they might result in one thing malicious. I’ve blocked out many of the URLs, however we are able to see the way it went by means of the PDF knowledge and clicked on the hyperlinks to search out out the place it could go.

After SAA did its factor, we may have a look at the file in query and the screenshots that it took. We discovered that this file was the information utilized in a coaching room and every hyperlink was a reference to an article, a coaching useful resource (self-hosted and official), or different informational sources a scholar may have.

We have been ready so as to add this integration with the assistance of our associate Corelight. We talked to them on day one and so they have been excited to get a brand new integration developed with SAA. Just a few hours later, we had an integration with them. This was a tremendous instance of how all of us come collectively to make the NOC higher at Black Hat yearly.

Umbrella DNS

By: Christian Clasen and Justin Murphy

When you have learn the earlier Black Hat NOC/SOC stories, you understand that in 2023, we made a change to the DNS design. In prior conferences, we assigned inner forwarders to shoppers by way of DHCP, however didn’t pressure their use. Primarily, attendees may use any DNS resolvers they selected, and we didn’t intrude. The change we carried out was to start forcibly redirecting DNS site visitors to the on-premises DNS forwarders. You possibly can see within the statistics above that this modification precipitated a major soar in queries processed by Cisco Umbrella — from 54.4 million to 79.3 million.

The steep enhance in question rely was not surprising. What was surprising, nonetheless, was a lower in question rely between 2023 and 2024. Whereas we don’t know the exact reason for this drop, we do have some theories and methods we are able to check them going ahead.

One doable rationalization is the prevalence of encrypted DNS protocols. In recent times, the business has turned its consideration to the privateness, integrity and authenticity issues inherent within the plain-text DNS protocol. To resolve a few of these points, “last-mile” encryption has turn out to be a favourite of OS and browser distributors. DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) and DNS-over-TLS (DoT) are solely a few the preferred methods to encrypt DNS between the shopper and the recursive resolver.

Detecting all encrypted DNS could be troublesome and counting the queries unimaginable. It is because TCP is the chosen transport for DoH and DoT, and this enables the shopper to pipeline a number of queries over one long-lived TCP and TLS session. However what we are able to usually discover are the “bootstrap” plain-text DNS queries that allow to shopper to search out the encrypted DNS server. By working a report in Umbrella for the class “DoH and DoT”, we are able to get a deal with on the preferred of those companies:

The entry for <dns.google> is almost certainly indicative of Android cellular units who use this DoT resolver by default. The rely of queries for that exact service is more likely to be increased as a result of the periods on these units are recognized to be short-lived if queries usually are not frequent sufficient.

On this report, we additionally see “canary” domains resembling <canary.masks.icloud.com> and <use-application-dns.internet>. The latter area is utilized by Firefox to detect when it ought to fall again to unencrypted DNS on the community. Extra particulars on how Umbrella interacts with these is written up within the Umbrella help article for internet browsers and DoH default.

Going ahead, we’ll observe the statistics of those protocols on the convention networks and see what different info we are able to collect utilizing the total packet seize capabilities of our companions and the risk looking capabilities of Cisco XDR. You possibly can count on this subject to be expanded on within the subsequent convention report.

One of many main causes to no less than monitor DNS is to grasp traits and the way the community at Black Hat is getting used from a excessive degree. There are lots of insights that may be gained from forcing DNS by means of a centralized service with intelligence. DNS queries exist for locations that host every little thing from Malware, Crypto Mining and Phishing to content material classes like Social Media, Finance and Unlawful Actions. Moreover, these domains could be categorized into particular purposes as nicely. With the App Discovery report in Umbrella, these domains are grouped by utility, figuring out the potential use of 1000’s of purposes. This may very well be internet apps or different desktop/cellular apps.

As at all times, we proceed to see an increase in app utilization at Black Hat:

• BHUSA 2019: ~3,600
• BHUSA 2021: ~2,600
• BHUSA 2022: ~6,300
• BHUSA 2023: ~7,500
• BHUSA 2024: ~9,300

This yr there was one stand out Software Class that has been rising in recognition: Generative AI. It would probably be no shock that there are extra attendees and their instruments utilizing Generative AI. We’ve gone from seeing it as a footnote in logs to reporting it at RSAC 2024, as we noticed 80 totally different Generative AI instruments getting used.

Evaluate this to Black Hat 2024, only a few months later, the place the overall quantity has jumped to 194.

This doesn’t seem like only a distinction in conferences, however fairly a rising pattern and acceptance of those instruments.

Community Assurance

By: Adam Kilgore, Shimei Cridlig, Shannon Wellington and Justin Murphy

The ThousandEyes deployment launched at Black Hat USA 2023 one yr in the past. At that convention, we spent many lengthy shifts creating the configurations, design, and procedures that fashioned the idea for our convention protection. The deployment was additional improved and streamlined at Black Hat London and Black Hat Asia. At this yr’s Black Hat USA 2024, we have been able to broaden our protection considerably whereas persevering with to refine our procedures.

New {hardware}

We added 20 Orange Pi units at Black Hat 2024, along with the 8 Raspberry Pi units we deployed in 2023. We’re nonetheless nicely in need of the proverbial thousand eyes, however 28 is much more than 8. We deployed our new fleet of Orange Pi units to watch the wi-fi community, whereas the outdated Raspberry Pi units have been used for wired monitoring of Registration, the NOC and core community units.

Orange Pi configuration

Mike Spicer put in a whole lot of time to develop new configuration and deployment procedures for the Orange Pi units earlier than the convention. We have been ready to make use of a script and a small native community to configure every Orange Pi with a particular SSID and PSK. As soon as the Pi units have been configured and the goal entry factors have been deployed, every Pi was walked to its goal coaching room the place it could robotically connect with the entry level (AP) on bootup and start working its scheduled monitoring assessments.

Even with the scripting and automation, the configuration stage nonetheless resulted in a mass of wires (pictured above). Deploying the Pi units resulted in additional strolling than the typical attendee would expertise in a convention (not pictured).

Expanded wi-fi protection

With the extra brokers, we have been in a position to deploy to extra Black Hat coaching rooms. The expanded visibility allowed us to catch extra issues earlier than the coaching rooms went reside, together with a misconfigured PSK, an SSID that wasn’t broadcasting and an SSID that broadcast however didn’t have web connectivity. We’d like to have an agent for every coaching room for full visibility and validation heading into the convention, however we’re pleased with what we caught and the extra confidence the brokers supplied heading into the coaching days.

Because the convention shifted from trainings to the briefing days, we shifted our protection from the biggest coaching periods to giant briefing rooms and heavy-traffic areas like the doorway and Enterprise Corridor. Whereas we nonetheless needed to make robust strategic selections about what to cowl and what to not cowl, we have been nonetheless in a position to unfold brokers throughout every ground for basic visibility.

Troubleshooting

Our experiences over the previous three conferences had produced well-established troubleshooting procedures and paperwork for the Raspberry Pi units, however the Orange Pi devicess introduced recent challenges. We had round 25% of our deployed Orange Pi units require troubleshooting through the first 24 hours after deployment, a regarding charge. Log evaluation revealed the wi-fi NIC turning into disconnected and the USB coming into a disconnect loop (the wi-fi NIC is related by way of USB on the Orange Pi units). The issues with the wi-fi NIC and USB result in a recurring ThousandEyes agent core recordsdata — a troublesome set of issues.

Nonetheless, these points turned out to be remoted fairly than widespread, and by the tip of the convention we had a full wi-fi deployment that was staying up all day and in a single day as nicely. For what turned out to be remoted wi-fi issues, we developed troubleshooting procedures and documentation.

Automated ticketing

A brand new ticketing system was rolled out at this convention that will create tickets in Slack based mostly on ThousandEyes knowledge or reported points. Beneath is a ticket created based mostly on TE alerts for a particular convention room through the first morning of briefings.

The dashboards in ThousandEyes allowed us to supply fast visible info that confirmed which convention rooms have been experiencing the worst latency, alongside a comparability of latency throughout reporting rooms.

The automated stories behind every dashboard entry supplied extra granular info, together with site visitors path and the latency alongside every leg within the site visitors path.

The brand new ticketing system allowed screenshots like those above to be aggregated within the ticket for crew communication and document conserving.

Troubleshooting WorkflowOn 08/06/2024 at 15:00, we noticed excessive latency to our Inside Umbrella DNS check from the South Seas D Hallway and Enterprise Corridor Brokers. Notice that the hyperlinks to the investigation views are supplied as hyperlinks.

To slim down the view, we used a dashboard filter to deal with the 2 Brokers.

This confirmed the excessive latency noticed by the 2 Brokers prolonged throughout a number of assessments.

From right here, we drilled down on every check to examine the person check outcomes.

Inside this view, we chosen a number of assessments working on each Brokers and in contrast the outcomes.

We noticed that there was a latency spike reported by each Brokers.

To know the reason for the excessive latency, we drilled all the way down to Path Visualization.

We seen the excessive hyperlink delay between the Agent to its gateway. This means a difficulty both between the shopper and AP or between the AP and the server room with the router.

To substantiate the reason for the latency, we visited South Seas D. We ran further assessments to verify that the connection expertise match with the outcomes reported by the Agent. Reviewing the room and topology diagrams additional, we discovered that the AP overlaying South Seas D was positioned in an adjoining room, and was broadcasting two SSIDs — one for the room it was positioned in, and the opposite for South Seas D. The mix of the AP placement, the AP servicing two rooms, and the attendee quantity in South Seas D mixed to provide the latency noticed by the Agent. These findings have been shared with the wi-fi crew.

Cellular gadget administration at Black Hat: The position of Meraki Methods Supervisor

By: Dalton Ross

The Black Hat cybersecurity occasion in Las Vegas is famend for its cutting-edge know-how and seamless attendee expertise. A vital part of this success lies in efficient cellular gadget administration (MDM). Since Black Hat USA 2021, we leveraged Cisco Meraki Methods Supervisor (SM) to deal with quite a lot of duties essential to the occasion’s operations. Beneath is an in depth have a look at how the Meraki SM was deployed and the challenges confronted alongside the way in which.

Important roles of cellular units at Black Hat

Cellular units have been pivotal in a number of key areas:

1. Registration Kiosk iPad Units (~50 Units): Used at registration kiosks to streamline the attendee check-in course of, the place attendees scan a QR code for immediate badge printing
2. Session Scanning iPad Units (~75 Units): Deployed throughout Black Hat periods to scan registered attendees into every session
3. Lead Retrieval Units (~800 Units): A considerable variety of units have been utilized on the present ground cubicles to swiftly acquire sales space customer contact knowledge

Deliberate deployment for Meraki Methods Supervisor

To make sure a clean deployment, our technique included a number of key steps:

1. Pre-State with Apple Automated Machine Enrollment (ADE): Earlier than cargo to the occasion location, all units have been pre-staged utilizing ADE. This allowed units to be configured with a recognized SSID for quicker deployment on web site.
2. Segregated Delivery: Units have been to be shipped in three distinct groupings, every comparable to one of many roles. This aimed to facilitate swift deployment upon arrival.
3. Dashboard Script for Function Affiliation: A customized dashboard script was ready to leverage the Meraki Dashboard API and simply affiliate enrolled units with their respective roles.
4. Automated Configuration Obtain: As soon as powered up, units have been anticipated to robotically obtain any needed configurations or apps associated to their position, making them prepared for quick deployment.
5. Well being Monitoring with Cisco ThousandEyes: ThousandEyes brokers have been to be deployed all through the venue to log SM well being at totally different occasion places.
6. Submit-Occasion Manufacturing unit Reset: After the occasion, all units have been to be manufacturing unit erased earlier than being returned.

Challenges and workarounds

As in life, challenges arose that required fast pondering and adaptation:

• Software Listing Adjustments: A final-minute change to the appliance checklist for session scanning units was required. Though we initially deliberate to have all configurations prepared beforehand, this surprising change was effectively managed utilizing the Methods Supervisor with only a few clicks.
• ThousandEyes Agent Limitations: Since ThousandEyes brokers have been beta SM shoppers, they couldn’t precisely collect connectivity knowledge. This was an anticipated habits, but it surely posed a problem for efficient monitoring. To beat this, NOC members from Cisco ThousandEyes and Cisco Meraki collaborated to hack collectively a proof of idea. By arduous work and a number of other iterations, we configured the ThousandEyes brokers to simulate gadget check-in site visitors, mimicking legitimate SM shoppers.

Deploying Meraki Methods Supervisor at Black Hat was an intricate however rewarding endeavor. Regardless of dealing with challenges, our crew demonstrated agility and innovation, making certain the occasion’s operations ran easily. The expertise underscored the significance of flexibility and fast drawback fixing in managing large-scale occasions.

By leveraging superior MDM options like Meraki Methods Supervisor, we have been in a position to present a seamless expertise for attendees and exhibitors alike, showcasing the ability of know-how in occasion administration.

We’re pleased with the collaboration of the Cisco crew and the NOC companions. Black Hat Europe will likely be December 9-12, 2024 on the London eXcel Centre.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the Cisco NOC crew:

• Cisco Safe: Christian Clasen, Matt Vander Horst, Aditya Sankar, Ben Greenbaum, Ryan Maclennan, Adam Kilgore, Shimei Cridlig, Shannon Wellington and Justin Murphy, with distant help by Jessica (Bair) Oppenheimer
• Meraki Methods Supervisor: Dalton Ross, with distant help by Paul Fidler and Connor Laughlin. Search for their report on The Meraki Weblog.

Additionally, to our NOC companions:

• NetWitness (particularly Alessandro Zatti)
• Palo Alto Networks (particularly Jason Reverri and James Holland)
• Corelight (particularly Dustin Lee)
• Arista (particularly Jonathan Smith)
• Lumen and the whole Black Hat/Informa Tech employees (particularly Grifter ‘Neil Wyler,’ Bart Stump, Steve Fink, James Pope, Mike Spicer, Sandy Wenzel, Heather Williams, Jess Stafford and Steve Oldenbourg)

About Black Hat

Black Hat is the cybersecurity business’s most established and in-depth safety occasion collection. Based in 1997, these annual, multi-day occasions present attendees with the most recent in cybersecurity analysis, improvement, and traits. Pushed by the wants of the neighborhood, Black Hat occasions showcase content material straight from the neighborhood by means of Briefings displays, Trainings programs, Summits, and extra. Because the occasion collection the place all profession ranges and tutorial disciplines convene to collaborate, community, and focus on the cybersecurity matters that matter most to them, attendees can discover Black Hat occasions in the USA, Canada, Europe, Center East and Africa and Asia.

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